关于质量控制的项目：记录、初步审查、刑事调查

本线上研讨会向公众提供国际法研究与政策中心(‘CILRAP’) 质量控制项目（2012-2020）的主要成果：由80余名作者写作的78篇文章，收录于四本书中，共3228页。这些作者中包括了世界级的从业人员和专家。这些文章讨论了如何在涉及大量事实的刑事案件中的三个阶段更好地开展工作。三个阶段分别为事实调查/记录、初步审查、刑事调查，这涵盖了从非政府组织开始分析相关指控到刑事审判开始的这段时间。

相较于审判和上诉阶段，上述阶段消耗更多的时间和资金，但是往往得到更少的关注。如果在初步审查和刑事调查阶段出现严重的错误，整个案子就会垮掉。

国际刑事法院独立专家审查团的最终报告就体现了这样的精神。该调查团由理查德•J•勾德斯通（Richard J. Goldstone）主导。勾德斯通自2013年始就成为质量控制项目的作者之一。“质量控制”的意识也体现在其他专家的文章中，如夏比耶•阿吉尔•阿然布鲁（Xabier Agirre Aranburu）、马茨•安德涅斯（Mads Andenæs）、法图•本苏达（Fatou Bensouda）、吉尔伯•比提（Gilbert Bitti）、瑟居•布拉姆兹（Serge Brammertz）、安德鲁•T•凯利（Andrew T. Cayley）、沃尔夫冈•卡莱克（Wolfgang Kaleck）、刘大群、大卫•莱（David Re）、马丁•史艾宁（Martin Scheinin）、卡斯滕•斯坦（Carsten Stahn）。各国政府和民间组织应当利用“质量控制”一词来督促用纳税人的钱从事国际刑事司法事业的人不断提高工作质量。

本研讨会的中心议题是核心国际罪行，但是它对其它涉及大量事实的案件也有借鉴意义，如有组织犯罪、严重欺诈、贩卖人口等。它对国内刑事司法机构及非政府事实调查机构也同样有借鉴意义。本研讨会包含了对从业人员、外交官及学者有用的大量信息和建议。

本项目由挪威政府提供资金支持，同时也得到了一些机构和个人合作者的支持，包括印度法律协会（Indian Law Institute）、纳林德•辛格大使（Narinder Singh，前国际法委员会主席）、马丹•B•罗库尔法官（Madan B. Lokur，印度最高法院前法官）。

本研讨会借助在佛罗伦萨（2013年5月）、海牙（2017年7月）、新德里（2019年2月）举办的三次会议及项目出版的四本文集：《事实调查的质量控制》、《初步审查中的质量控制：第一卷》、《初步审查中的质量控制：第二卷》、《刑事调查中的质量控制》。点击以下目录可免费获取书中所有的文章和前言。

Quality Control in Fact-Finding

Table of Contents
'Preface to the Second Edition'
By Morten Bergsmo and Carsten Stahn
'Foreword to the Second Edition'
By Mads Andenæs
'Preface to the First Edition'
By Serge Brammertz
'Foreword to the First Edition'
By Morten Bergsmo
'Foreword to the First Edition'
By LING Yan
'Non-Criminal Justice Fact-Work in the Age of Accountability'
By Marina Aksenova, Morten Bergsmo and Carsten Stahn
'Quality Control in International Fact-Finding Outside Criminal Justice for Core International Crimes'
By Richard J. Goldstone
'Improving Fact-Finding in Treaty-Based Human Rights Mechanisms and the Special Procedures of the United Nations Human Rights Council'
By Martin Scheinin
'Justified Belief in the Unbelievable'
By Simon De Smet
'Quality Control in Truth and Reconciliation Processes'
By LIU Daqun
'Quality Control and the Mandate of International Fact-Finding'
By FAN Yuwen
'Coherence in the Design and Implementation of the Mandates of International Fact-Finding Commissions: Internal and External Dimensions'
By Isabelle Lassée
'Quality Control and the Selection of Members of International Fact-Finding Mandates'
By WU Xiaodan
'Purpose and Legitimacy in International Fact-Finding Bodies'
By Dan Saxon
'Witness Sensitive Practices in International Fact-Finding Outside Criminal Justice: Lessons for Nepal'
By Christopher B. Mahony
'Fact-Finding in the Former Yugoslavia: What the Courts Did'
By David Re
'International Criminal Law Outside the Courtroom: The Impact of Focusing on International Crimes for the Quality of Fact-Finding'
By Dov Jacobs and Catherine Harwood
'Can International Criminal Investigators and Prosecutors Afford to Ignore Information from United Nations Human Rights Sources?'
By Lyal S. Sunga
'Non-Governmental Organisation Fact-Work: Not Only a Technical Problem'
By Wolfgang Kaleck and Carolijn Terwindt
'Fact-Finding and the International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission'
By Charles Garraway
'Information Technology and Quality Control in Non-Criminal Justice Fact-Work'
By Ilia Utmelidze
'Human Rights Fact-Finding: Some Legal and Ethical Dilemmas'
By Geoffrey Robertson
'Finding Facts on Facebook: Social Media in the Work of Human Rights Fact-Finding Bodies'
By Emma Irving
'International(ised) Criminal Justice at a Crossroads: The Role of Civil Society in the Investigation of Core International Crimes and the ‘CIJA Model’'
By William H. Wiley

Quality Control in Preliminary Examination

Table of Contents
'Foreword'
By LIU Daqun
'Foreword'
By Martin Sørby
'Foreword'
By Morten Bergsmo and Carsten Stahn
'On the Magic, Mystery and Mayhem of Preliminary Examinations'
By Carsten Stahn, Morten Bergsmo and CHAN Ho Shing Icarus

Part 1: The Practice of Preliminary Examination: Realities and Constraints

'Constraints and Quality Control in Preliminary Examination: Critical Lessons Learned from the ICTY, the ICC, the ECCC and the United Kingdom'
By Andrew T. Cayley
'The Concern for Quality Control and Norwegian Preliminary Examination Practice'
By Runar Torgersen
'Preliminary Examination in the United States Military: Quality Control and Reform'
By Franklin D. Rosenblatt
'Pre-Investigation and Accountability in India: Legal and Policy Roadblocks'
By Abraham Joseph
'German Preliminary Examinations of International Crimes'
By Matthias Neuner
'The Legalistic Function of Preliminary Examinations: Quality Control as a Two-Way Street'
By Matilde E. Gawronski
'The Pre-Preliminary Examination Stage: Theory and Practice of the OTP’s Phase 1 Activities'
By Amitis Khojasteh

Part 2: Case Studies or Situation Analysis

'The ICC Involvement in Colombia: Walking the Fine Line between Peace and Justice'
By Marina Aksenova
'‘Magical Legalism’ and the International Criminal Court: A Case Study of the Kenyan Preliminary Examination'
By Christian M. De Vos
'Challenges in the Relationship between the ICC and African States: The Role of Preliminary Examinations under the First ICC Prosecutor'
By Benson Chinedu Olugbuo
'Dealing with the Ongoing Conflict at the Heart of Europe: On the ICC Prosecutor’s Difficult Choices and Challenges in the Preliminary Examination into the Situation of Ukraine'
By Iryna Marchuk
'Accountability for British War Crimes in Iraq? Examining the Nexus between International and National Justice Responses'
By Thomas Obel Hansen
'The UK in Iraq and the ICC: Judicial Intervention, Positive Complementarity and the Politics of International Criminal Justice'
By Rachel Kerr
'The Situation of Palestine in Wonderland: An Investigation into the ICC’s Impact in Israel'
By Sharon Weill
'Quality Control in the Preliminary Examination of the Georgia Situation'
By Nino Tsereteli
'The Venture of the Comoros Referral at the Preliminary'
By Ali Emrah Bozbayındır

Part 3: The Normative Framework of Preliminary Examinations

'Prosecutorial Ethics and Preliminary Examinations at the ICC'
By Alexander Heinze and Shannon Fyfe
'Politics, Power Dynamics, and the Limits of Existing Self-Regulation and Oversight in ICC Preliminary Examinations'
By Asaf Lubin
'Disarming the Trap: Evaluating Prosecutorial Discretion in Preliminary Examinations beyond the False Dichotomy of Politics and Law'
By Jens Iverson
'Make the ICC Relevant: Aiding, Abetting, and Accessorizing as Aggravating Factors in Preliminary Examination'
By Christopher B. Mahony
'The Standard of Proof in Preliminary Examinations'
By Matthew E. Cross
'Reconceptualizing the Birth of the International Criminal Case: Creating an Office of the Examining Magistrate'
By Gregory S. Gordon

Part 4: Transparency, Co-operation and Participation in Preliminary Examination

'Deterrence or Withdrawals? Consequences of Publicising Preliminary Examination Activities'
By Ana Cristina Rodríguez Pineda
'Objectivity of the ICC Preliminary Examinations'
By Vladimir Tochilovsky
'The ICC’s Interplay with UN Fact-Finding Commissions in Preliminary Examinations'
By Mutoy Mubiala
'Non-States Parties and the Preliminary Examination of Article 12(3) Declarations'
By LING Yan
'Making Sense of the Invisible: The Role of the ‘Accused’ during Preliminary Examinations'
By Dov Jacobs and Jennifer Naouri
'Quality Control in the Preliminary Examination of Civil Society Submissions '
By Andreas Schüller and Chantal Meloni
'Civil Society Participation in Preliminary Examinations'
By Sarah Williams

Part 5: Thematicity in Preliminary Examination

'Quality Control in Preliminary Examination of Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Violence in International Criminal Law: A Feminist Analysis'
By Usha Tandon, Pratibha Tandon and Shreeyash U. Lalit
'Preliminary Examinations and Children: Beyond Child Recruitment Cases and Towards a Children’s Rights Approach'
By Cynthia Chamberlain
'Casting a Larger Shadow: Premeditated Madness, the International Criminal Court, and Preliminary Examinations'
By Mark Kersten
'Open Source Fact-Finding in Preliminary Examinations'
By Alexa Koenig, Felim McMahon, Nikita Mehandru and Shikha Silliman Bhattacharjee
'ICC Preliminary Examinations and National Justice: Opportunities and Challenges for Catalysing Domestic Prosecutions'
By Elizabeth M. Evenson

Quality Control in Criminal Investigation

Table of Contents
'Preface by the Co-Editors'
By Xabier Agirre Aranburu, Morten Bergsmo, Simon De Smet and Carsten Stahn
'Foreword'
By Fatou Bensouda
'Foreword'
By Manoj Kumar Sinha
'Prologue'
By Gregory S. Gordon
'Investigative Bottlenecks and the Mindset of Quality Control'
By Xabier Agirre Aranburu and Morten Bergsmo